Pregnancy support- Vitamin Deficiencies
Iodine -
updated: 03 November 2008
Adequacy of the iodine supply in The Netherlands
Eur J Clin Nutr. 1997 Nov;51 Suppl 4:S11-5.
Brussaard JH, Hulshof KF, Kistemaker C, Löwik MR.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the adequacy of the iodine supply in the Netherlands and to study possible ways of increasing the iodine intake. DESIGN, SETTINGS AND SUBJECTS: Goitre and nutrition surveillance studies (intake and urinary excretion of iodine) among population groups (age: 12-85 y, n=57-1704) in the Netherlands in the period 1981-1993. Simulation studies, based on the Dutch Nutrition Food Consumption Surveys (n=6000), calculating iodine intake among population groups after fictively iodizing different food groups. RESULTS: Mean intake of iodine, measured with different food consumption methods in the period 1984-1993, met the recommended amount of 150-300 microg per day in males, but not in females. Median urinary iodine excretion levels were in the range for mild Iodine Deficiency Disorders in both sexes. According to dietary methods reflecting habitual intake and urinary iodine excretion per kg body weight or per mmol creatinin the prevalence of low iodine supply among adults is between 4 and 20% for women and between 5 and 15% for men. Iodization of different products would increase mean iodine intakes by up to 45% and would give a reduction of roughly 65% in the prevalence of low iodine intakes. CONCLUSION: The present goitre prophylaxis in the Netherlands is not optimally effective. The iodine supply is below cut-off points in 4-20% of the adult population. It is possible to decrease the prevalence of low iodine intakes without a clear risk of exceeding the maximum acceptable daily iodine intake by increasing the iodine content of baker's salt and/or by adding iodine to other foods
Publication Types:
- Dutch Nutrition Food Consumption Surveys
Online - Abstract
Calculated iodine intake before and after simulated iodization (Dutch Nutrition Surveillance System).
Ann Nutr Metab. 1995;39(2):85-94
Brussaard JH, Hulshof KF, Löwik MR.
To estimate the effect of possible goitre prophylactic measures on the intake of iodine among population groups, simulation studies, based on the first Dutch National Food Consumption Survey, were carried out. Iodine intake figures and prevalence of low intakes were calculated after fictively iodizing either bread, a combination of industrial products, milk and dairy products (without cheese) or margarine and shortenings. In addition, the effect of iodizing both bread and cheese or bread + biscuits + rusks was calculated. The simulated iodization of different products increased mean calculated iodine intakes by up to 45% and gave a reduction of 60-90% in the prevalence of iodine intakes below 100 micrograms/day. The maximum acceptable intake of 1 mg iodine per day was never reached by any subject (average of 2 days). It is concluded that it is possible to increase substantially the mean iodine intake of the Dutch population and to decrease the prevalence of low iodine intakes without a clear risk of exceeding the maximum acceptable daily oral iodine intake.
Publication Types:
- Dutch National Food Consumption Survey
Online - Abstract
Effects of marginal iodine deficiency during pregnancy: iodide uptake by the maternal and fetal thyroid
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 273: E1121-E1126, 1997;
0193-1849/97 $5.00
P. M. Versloot, J. P. Schröder-Van Der Elst, D. Van Der Heide, and L. Boogerd
Iodide uptake by the thyroid is an active process. Iodine deficiency and pregnancy are known to influence thyroid hormone metabolism. The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of iodine deficiency and pregnancy on iodide uptake by the thyroid. Radioiodide was injected intravenously into nonpregnant and 19-day pregnant rats receiving a normal or marginally iodine-deficient diet. The uptake of radioiodide by the thyroid was measured continuously for 4 h. The absolute iodide uptake by the maternal and fetal thyroid glands at 24 h was calculated by means of the urinary specific activity. Pregnancy resulted in a decrease in the absolute thyroidal iodide uptake. Marginal iodine deficiency had no effect on the absolute iodide uptake by the maternal thyroid. The decreased plasma inorganic iodide was compensated by an increase in thyroidal clearance. A similar compensation was not found for the fetus; the uptake of iodide by the fetal thyroid decreased by 50% during marginal iodine deficiency. This can lead to diminished thyroid hormone production, which will have a negative effect on fetal development, especially of the brain.
Publication Types:
Online - Article
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