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Tijdschrift voor Orthomoleculaire Geneeskunde
LICHAMELIJKE OORZAKEN VAN OVERGEWICHT(IV) - De Nota Overgewicht schiet aan alle kanten tekort -
updated: 10 July 2010
- VWS Nota overgewicht 23 maart 2009
De oorzaak van overgewicht op individueel niveau lijkt simpel, want het is een gevolg van een positieve energiebalans: te veel eten en/of te weinig bewegen. Hieruit voortgeredeneerd is ook de oplossing ‘eenvoudig’. Als mensen minder eten én meer bewegen, stopt vanzelf de toename van hun gewicht.
Slechts in een klein deel (5 procent) van de gevallen zijn overgewicht en obesitas een bijverschijnsel van ziekte
Steeds meer levensmiddelenfabrikanten maken gebruik van logo’s op de verpakking, zoals het ‘Ik Kies Bewust-logo’ of het ‘Gezonde Keuze Klavertje’. Dergelijke logo’s helpen consumenten om de gezondere keuze binnen één productgroep te maken. Uniformiteit en wetenschappelijke onderbouwing van de gehanteerde criteria zijn belangrijk. De afgifte van het logo dient op dat punt transparant te zijn.[Article]
- Bos MB, de Vries JH, Wolffenbuttel BH, Verhagen H, Hillege JL, Feskens EJ. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2007 Oct 27;151(43):2382-8. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the Netherlands: increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus type 2 in one quarter of persons under 60
Approximately 1 million Dutch adults below 60 years of age had the metabolic syndrome in the 1990's. Based on the total prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and hypercholesterolaemia, one quarter of the Dutch population younger then 60 runs an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.[Abstract]
- Bentley-Lewis R, Koruda K, Seely EW. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Oct;3(10):696-704 The metabolic syndrome in women
The metabolic syndrome is estimated to be present in 47 million US residents with a similar age-adjusted prevalence in men (24%) and women (23%).[Abstract]
- Keller KB, Lemberg L. Am J Crit Care. 2003 Mar;12(2):167-70. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome
The metabolic syndrome associated with abdominal obesity, which includes insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and elevated CRP levels, identifies subjects who have an increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Twenty to 25% of the adult population in the United States have the metabolic syndrome, and in some older groups this prevalence approaches 50%. [Article]
- RIVM Bijna 2,5 miljoen ouderen in 2009
Op 1 januari 2009 telde Nederland bijna 2,5 miljoen ouderen (personen van 65 jaar en ouder). Daarmee was 15% van de bevolking 65-plusser. Van alle 65-plussers was 26% 80 jaar en ouder. Van alle 65-plussers was ruim 1,0 miljoen man (43%) en 1,4 miljoen vrouw (57%). Hoe hoger de leeftijd, hoe groter het aandeel vrouwen in de bevolking. Van alle 65-plussers was 3% van niet-westers allochtone afkomst.[Article]
- Robert JJ., Ann Pediatr (Paris). 1990 Mar;37(3):143-9., Hyperinsulinism syndromes caused by insulin resistance
Resistance to insulin consists in a decrease in insulin's biologic action and is manifested mainly by hyperinsulinism.[Abstract]
- Bricker LA, Greydanus DE. Adolesc Med State Art Rev. 2008 Dec;19(3):475-97, The metabolic syndrome: a gathering challenge in a time of abundance
The metabolic syndrome (also known as dysmetabolic syndrome, MetS, Reaven syndrome, syndrome X, and insulin-resistance syndrome) is a well-recognized and all-too-frequently encountered fact of modern life, with staggering economic consequences.[Abstract]
- Cornier MA, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL, Lindstrom RC, Steig AJ, Stob NR, Van Pelt RE, Wang H, Eckel RH. Endocr Rev. 2008 Dec;29(7):777-822. The metabolic syndrome
The "metabolic syndrome" (MetS) is a clustering of components that reflect overnutrition, sedentary lifestyles, and resultant excess adiposity. The MetS includes the clustering of abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and elevated blood pressure and is associated with other comorbidities including the prothrombotic state, proinflammatory state, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and reproductive disorders.[Abstract]
- Shanik MH, Xu Y, Skrha J, Dankner R, Zick Y, Roth J. Diabetes Care. 2008 Feb;31 Suppl 2:S262-8 Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia: is hyperinsulinemia the cart or the horse?
The condition exists when insulin levels are higher than expected relative to the level of glucose. Thus, insulin resistance is by definition tethered to hyperinsulinemia.[Article]
- Del Prato S. Presse Med. 1992 Sep 9;21(28):1312-7. Hyperinsulinism. Causes and mechanisms
A high plasma insulin concentration in the presence of a normal or high plasma glucose level appears to be a common feature of glucose intolerance, obesity, and hypertension.[Abstract]
- Vogeser M, König D, Frey I, Predel HG, Parhofer KG, Berg A. Clin Biochem. 2007 Sep;40(13-14):964-8. Epub 2007 Jun 2 Fasting serum insulin and the homeostasis model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in the monitoring of lifestyle interventions in obese persons
HOMA-IR index (homeostasis model of insulin resistance) was calculated as [fasting serum glucose*fasting serum insulin/22.5], with lower values indicating a higher degree of insulin sensitivity. Individual changes in the carbohydrate metabolism achieved by a lifestyle intervention program were displayed by fasting serum insulin concentrations and the HOMA-IR but not by fasting glucose measurement alone.[Abstract]
- Geloneze B, Tambascia MA. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2006 Apr;50(2):208-15. Epub 2006 May 23 Laboratorial evaluation and diagnosis of insulin resistance
HOMA is a mathematical model that predicts IS simply by measuring insulinemia and fasting blood glucose and shows good correlation with hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp method, considered a gold standard in the measurement of IS.[Abstract]
- 33 Zimmet PZ. Diabetes Care. 1993 Dec;16 Suppl 3:56-70 Hyperinsulinemia--how innocent a bystander?
Epidemiological data support a key role for hyperinsulinemia in these disorders but it is far from conclusive except for the fact that hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance may be present many years before the onset of impaired glucose tolerance and NIDDM, and clearly play a role in their etiology.[Abstract]
- Sharma MD, Garber AJ. Curr Diab Rep. 2009 Oct;9(5):335-41 What is the best treatment for prediabetes?
Worldwide, along with the increasing prevalence of obesity, the number of people with prediabetes is increasing. The treatment approach is twofold: glycemic control and control of cardiovascular risk factors, mainly hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Intensive lifestyle modification is the mainstay of treatment in low-risk patients.[Abstract]
- Fonseca VA. Clin Cornerstone. 2008;9(2):51-9; discussion 60-1. Identification and treatment of prediabetes to prevent progression to type 2 diabetes
Overt type 2 diabetes is usually preceded by a condition known as prediabetes, which is characterized by impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Both IFG and IGT exhibit elevated glucose levels that are not sufficient to be classified as diabetes but that represent the development of insulin resistance. Achieving glycemic control in patients with prediabetes through lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions can effectively prevent or delay the development of diabetes and its associated complications.[Abstract]
- Martini LA, Wood RJ. Nutr Rev. 2006 Nov;64(11):479-86 Vitamin D status and the metabolic syndrome
The identification of vitamin D receptor expression in different tissues suggests a widespread role for vitamin D action beyond its classical function in bone and mineral metabolism. Recently, the importance of vitamin D status as a risk factor in the development of metabolic syndrome has been the focus of several studies.[Abstract]
- Chiu KC, Chu A, Go VL, Saad MF. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 May;79(5):820-5 Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction
The data show a positive correlation of 25(OH)D concentration with insulin sensitivity and a negative effect of hypovitaminosis D on beta cell function. Subjects with hypovitaminosis D are at higher risk of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. Further studies are required to explore the underlying mechanisms.[Article]
- Botella-Carretero JI, Alvarez-Blasco F, Villafruela JJ, Balsa JA, Vázquez C, Escobar-Morreale HF. Clin Nutr. 2007 Oct;26(5):573-80 Vitamin D deficiency is associated with the metabolic syndrome in morbid obesity
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with the metabolic syndrome in morbidly obese patients.[Abstract]
- Penckofer S, Kouba J, Wallis DE, Emanuele MA. Diabetes Educ. 2008 Nov-Dec;34(6):939-40, 942, 944 passim Vitamin D and diabetes: let the sunshine
In addition, persons at risk for diabetes or metabolic syndrome have inadequate serum concentrations of vitamin D.[Abstract]
- Pittas AG, Lau J, Hu FB, Dawson-Hughes B. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jun;92(6):2017-29 The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis
Vitamin D and calcium insufficiency may negatively influence glycemia, whereas combined supplementation with both nutrients may be beneficial in optimizing glucose metabolism.[Article]
- Gezondheidsraad 30 september 2008 Naar een toereikende inname van vitamine D
Een onvoldoende vitamine D-status komt onder alle lagen van de Nederlandse bevolking voor. Het percentage is daarbij hoger aan het einde van de winter dan aan het einde van de zomer [Article]
- Calatayud M, Jódar E, Sánchez R, Guadalix S, Hawkins F. Endocrinol Nutr. 2009 Apr;56(4):164-9 Prevalence of deficient and insufficient vitamin D levels in a young healthy population
Our study shows a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in a young healthy population with no clear relationship with sun exposure or sunscreen protection. The low intake of food rich in vitamin D and the lack of food fortification combined with scarce effective sun exposure could account for the low serum levels of vitamin D in this population.[Abstract]
- Mithal A, Wahl DA, Bonjour JP, Burckhardt P, Dawson-Hughes B, Eisman JA, El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Josse RG, Lips P, Morales-Torres J; IOF Committee of Scientific Advisors (CSA) Nutrition Working Group. Osteoporos Int. 2009 Nov;20(11):1807-20 Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D
Reports from across the world indicate that hypovitaminosis D is widespread and is re-emerging as a major health problem globally.[Abstract]
- Foss YJ. Med Hypotheses. 2008 Dec 1 Vitamin D deficiency is the cause of common obesity
Common obesity and the metabolic syndrome may therefore result from an anomalous adaptive winter response. The stimulus for the winter response is proposed to be a fall in vitamin D. The synthesis of vitamin D is dependent upon the absorption of radiation in the ultraviolet-B range of sunlight.[Abstract]
- Hennig B, Meerarani P, Ramadass P, Watkins BA, Toborek M. Metabolism. 2000 Aug;49(8):1006-13 Fatty acid-mediated activation of vascular endothelial cells
Furthermore, linoleic acid and other omega-6 fatty acids appear to be the most proinflammatory and possibly atherogenic fatty acids.[Abstract]
- Viswanathan S, Hammock BD, Newman JW, Meerarani P, Toborek M, Hennig B. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003 Dec;22(6):502-10 Involvement of CYP 2C9 in mediating the proinflammatory effects of linoleic acid in vascular endothelial cells
Our data show that CYP 2C9 plays a key role in linoleic acid-induced oxidative stress and subsequent proinflammatory events in vascular endothelial cells by possibly causing superoxide generation through uncoupling processes.[Article]
- Toborek M, Hennig B. Subcell Biochem. 1998;30:415-36 The role of linoleic acid in endothelial cell gene expression. Relationship to atherosclerosis
There is evidence that linoleic acid plays a critical role in gene expression and vascular function as it relates to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.[Abstract]
- Hennig B, Toborek M, McClain CJ. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001 Apr;20(2 Suppl):97-105 High-energy diets, fatty acids and endothelial cell function: implications for atherosclerosis
Our studies suggest that omega-6 fatty acids, and especially linoleic acid, cause endothelial cell dysfunction most markedly as well as can potentiate TNF-mediated endothelial cell injury. We propose that high-energy diets, and especially diets rich in linoleic acid, are atherogenic by contributing to an imbalance in cellular oxidative stress/antioxidant status of the endothelium, which can lead to activation of oxidative stress-responsive transcription factors, inflammatory cytokine production and the expression of adhesion molecules.[Article]
- Fedor D, Kelley DS. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009 Mar;12(2):138-46 Prevention of insulin resistance by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
n-3 PUFA supplementation has clinical significance in the prevention and reversal of insulin resistance. However, increased intake of n-3 PUFA should be part of an overall healthy lifestyle that includes weight control, exercise, and reduction in the intake of refined sugars, n-6, saturated, and trans fatty acids.[Abstract]
- Ramel A, Martinéz A, Kiely M, Morais G, Bandarra NM, Thorsdottir I. Diabetologia. 2008 Jul;51(7):1261-8. Beneficial effects of long-chain n-3 fatty acids included in an energy-restricted diet on insulin resistance in overweight and obese European young adults
LC n-3 PUFA consumption during energy reduction exerts positive effects on insulin resistance in young overweight individuals, independently from changes in body weight, triacylglycerol, erythrocyte membrane or adiponectin.[Abstract]
- Becel keuken light Voedingswaarde per 100 gram
onverzadigd 29 g - omega-6 (linolzuur) 25 g - omega-3 (alfa-linoleenzuur) 4,5 g.[Aticle]
- Simopoulos AP. Biomed Pharmacother. 2006 Nov;60(9):502-7 Evolutionary aspects of diet, the omega-6/omega-3 ratio and genetic variation: nutritional implications for chronic diseases
Anthropological and epidemiological studies and studies at the molecular level indicate that human beings evolved on a diet with a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) of approximately 1 whereas in Western diets the ratio is 15/1 to 16.7/1. A high omega-6/omega-3 ratio, as is found in today's Western diets, promotes the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, osteoporosis, and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, whereas increased levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (a lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio), exert suppressive effects.[Abstract]
- Simopoulos AP. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2008 Jun;233(6):674-88 The importance of the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases
Several sources of information suggest that human beings evolved on a diet with a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) of approximately 1 whereas in Western diets the ratio is 15/1-16.7/1. A lower ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids is more desirable in reducing the risk of many of the chronic diseases of high prevalence in Western societies, as well as in the developing countries.[Article]
- Becel omega 3 plus Voedingswaarde per 100 gram
onverzadigd waarvan: 21 g - Omega 6 (linolzuur) 16,3 g - Omega-3: 3,75 g, waarvan - EPA + DHA: 750 mg - alfa-linoleenzuur: 3 g.[Article]
- Voedingscentrum Becel Keuken Light van Unilever
Dit zijn de genomineerden: ‘Campbell’s Délisoup’ van Campbell’s, ‘Knorr Kleursoepen’ van Unilever, ‘AH verse soep compleet’ van Albert Heijn, ‘Hapklaar minder suiker’ van Koninklijke Peijnenburg en ‘Becel Keuken Light’ van Unilever. In Becel Keuken Light zitten aanzienlijk minder calorieën en verzadigd vet dan in reguliere vloeibare bak- en braadproducten. Daarnaast levert dit product essentiële vetzuren zoals n-3 vetzuren.[Article]
- Liga Bisquits Evergreen Appel, Het voedzame en verantwoorde tussendoortje
Transvet: LIGA EverGreen bevat niet meer dan 1 g transvet per 100 g.[Article]
- Gezondheid Raad Enkele belangrijke ontwikkelingen in de voedselconsumptie
Ook de samenstelling van de vetzuren in de voeding vertoonde een gunstige ontwikkeling: het percentage verzadigde vetzuren en transvetzuren nam af tot respectievelijk ongeveer 14% en 1,7%. Toch is de inname nog steeds hoger dan de 10% en 0,8% die vanuit gezondheidskundig oogpunt aanvaardbaar wordt geacht. De veranderingen in consumptie hebben van 1987 tot 1997 geleid tot een verminderde inname van vitamines (vooral A, E, D en foliumzuur) en mineralen (zoals ijzer).[Article]
- Salmerón J, Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Rimm EB, Willett WC. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Jun;73(6):1019-26 Dietary fat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women
These data suggest that total fat and saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid intakes are not associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in women, but that trans fatty acids increase and polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce risk.[Article]
- Mozaffarian D. Atheroscler Suppl. 2006 May;7(2):29-32. Trans fatty acids - effects on systemic inflammation and endothelial function
Consumption of trans fatty acids (TFA) predicts higher risk of coronary heart disease, sudden death, and possibly diabetes mellitus. These associations are greater than would be predicted by effects of TFA on serum lipoproteins alone.[Abstract]
- Mozaffarian D, Willett WC. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2007 Dec;9(6):486-93 Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular risk: a unique cardiometabolic imprint?
Prospective observational studies demonstrate strong positive associations between TFA consumption and risk of myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease death, and sudden death.[Abstract]
- Chajès V, Thiébaut AC, Rotival M, Gauthier E, Maillard V, Boutron-Ruault MC, Joulin V, Lenoir GM, Clavel-Chapelon F. Am J Epidemiol. 2008 Jun 1;167(11):1312-20 Association between serum trans-monounsaturated fatty acids and breast cancer risk in the E3N-EPIC Study
A high serum level of trans-monounsaturated fatty acids, presumably reflecting a high intake of industrially processed foods, is probably one factor contributing to increased risk of invasive breast cancer in women.[Abstract]
- Micha R, Mozaffarian D. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009 Jun;5(6):335-44. Trans fatty acids: effects on metabolic syndrome, heart disease and diabetes
The major dietary sources of trans fatty acids (TFAs) in most countries are partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. TFA consumption is a modifiable dietary risk factor for metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and coronary heart disease. TFA consumption causes metabolic dysfunction: it adversely affects circulating lipid levels, triggers systemic inflammation, induces endothelial dysfunction, and, according to some studies, increases visceral adiposity, body weight, and insulin resistance.[Abstract]
- Dorfman SE, Laurent D, Gounarides JS, Li X, Mullarkey TL, Rocheford EC, Sari-Sarraf F, Hirsch EA, Hughes TE, Commerford SR. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009 Jun;17(6):1200-7. Metabolic implications of dietary trans-fatty acids
These findings imply that trans-fatty acids may alter nutrient handling in liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle and that the mechanism by which trans-fatty acids induce insulin resistance differs from diets enriched with saturated fats.[Abstract]
- Osso FS, Moreira AS, Teixeira MT, Pereira RO, Tavares do Carmo MG, Moura AS. Nutrition. 2008 Jul-Aug;24(7-8):727-32. Trans fatty acids in maternal milk lead to cardiac insulin resistance in adult offspring
Our data suggest that the consumption of hydrogenated fat, rich in TFAs, by the mothers during the lactation period caused cardiac insulin resistance in the adult progeny, thus reinforcing the hypothesis that early adaptations may cause deleterious consequences later in life.[Abstract]
- Albuquerque KT, Sardinha FL, Telles MM, Watanabe RL, Nascimento CM, Tavares do Carmo MG, Ribeiro EB. Nutrition. 2006 Jul-Aug;22(7-8):820-9 Intake of trans fatty acid-rich hydrogenated fat during pregnancy and lactation inhibits the hypophagic effect of central insulin in the adult offspring
The data suggest that the early (intrauterine/perinatal) exposure to hydrogenated fat rich in trans fatty acids programmed the hypothalamic feeding control mechanisms. As young adults, only trans-control animals showed loss of insulin-induced hypophagia, indicating that the mismatch between early and later nutritional environments was relevant. However, the trans group also showed signs of altered appetite signaling mechanisms, suggesting that the early adaptations may have deleterious consequences later in life.[Abstract]
- Gezondheidsraad Richtlijnen goede voeding 2006
De hoeveelheid visolie vetzuren in de voeding zal daarentegen aanzienlijk moeten toenemen om te kunnen voldoen aan de voedingsnorm voor deze vetzuren van 450 mg per dag. Deze inname kan worden gerealiseerd door tweemaal per week een portie vis te gebruiken waarvan ten minste eenmaal een portie vette vis.[Article]
- Voedingscentrum Beoordeling omegabrood
Levert omegabrood voldoende n-3 lange keten-vetzuren om een wezenlijke bijdrage te leveren aan het beschermende effect? In Nederland zijn er nog geen officiële aanbevelingen voor het gebruik van n-3 vetzuren. Voor mensen die geen vis eten wordt het gebruik van 200 mg n-3 lange keten-vetzuren per dag geadviseerd.[Article]
- Wat is O'megabrood? O'mega is een verrukkelijk broodje met Omega-3 vetzuren
De voedingswaarde per 100 gram: EPA & DHA (Omega 3) 67,5 mg, voedingsvezels 3,7mg.[Article]
- Voorlichtingsbureau Brood
Volkoren én variatie leveren veel voedingsvezel! Zes sneetjes witbrood leveren samen 5 gram voedingsvezels, terwijl je met 6 sneetjes volkorenbrood wel 14 gram vezels binnen krijgt.[Article]
- Voedingscentrum Ik kies bewust
Om het logo te voeren moet een product aan heldere, wetenschappelijk onderbouwde criteria voldoen. Daartoe heeft de Stichting ‘Ik kies bewust’ een onafhankelijke wetenschappelijke commissie opgericht. Deze stelt de criteria vast op grond waarvan producten in aanmerking kunnen komen voor het ‘Ik kies bewust’-logo.[Article]
- Liu S. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002 Aug;21(4):298-306 Intake of refined carbohydrates and whole grain foods in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease
These data are consistent with results from recent metabolic experiments, suggesting favorable lipid profiles and glycemic control associated with higher intake of whole grains, but not with refined grains. It seems prudent, therefore, to distinguish whole-grain rather than refined-grain cereal products for the prevention of chronic diseases.[Article]
- Murtaugh MA, Jacobs DR Jr, Jacob B, Steffen LM, Marquart L. Proc Nutr Soc. 2003 Feb;62(1):143-9 Epidemiological support for the protection of whole grains against diabetes
Intake of wholegrain foods may reduce diabetes risk. Three prospective studies in 160000 men and women examined the relationship of whole-grain or cereal-fibre intake with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Risk for incident type 2 diabetes was 21-27% lower for those in the highest quintile of whole-grain intake, and 30-36% lower in the highest quintile of cereal-fibre intake, each compared with the lowest quintile.[Article]
- McKeown NM. Nutr Rev. 2004 Jul;62(7 Pt 1):286-91 Whole grain intake and insulin sensitivity: evidence from observational studies
Observational studies have found that diets rich in whole-grain foods are associated with improved insulin sensitivity. The improved insulin sensitivity may be mediated in part by magnesium and dietary fiber, two nutrients found in whole-grain foods. By incorporating whole-grain foods into the diet, therefore, insulin sensitivity might be improved.[Abstract]
- Liese AD, Roach AK, Sparks KC, Marquart L, D'Agostino RB Jr, Mayer-Davis EJ. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Nov;78(5):965-71 Whole-grain intake and insulin sensitivity: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study
Higher intakes of whole grains were associated with increases in insulin sensitivity.[Article]
- Gezondheidsraad, 2006; publicatie nr 2006/03. ISBN 90-5549-589-1 Richtlijn voor de vezelconsumptie
Voedingsvezels zijn delen van planten die door de mens niet worden verteerd. Ze hebben een gunstige invloed op de gezondheid. Voor twee effecten bestaat overtuigend wetenschappelijk bewijs: voldoende inname leidt tot een betere darmwerking en beschermt tegen hartziekten. Op basis van deze kennis formuleert de Gezondheidsraad nu een nieuwe richtlijn voor de vezelconsumptie. Voor volwassenen luidt die: 3,4 gram voedingsvezel per megajoule (14 gram per 1000 kilocalorieën), wat neerkomt op 30 tot 40 gram per dag. Deze richtlijn betreft vezels die van nature voorkomen in voedingsmiddelen. Op dit moment komt negentig procent van de Nederlandse bevolking niet aan de hoeveelheid voedingsvezel die in de richtlijn is verwoord.[Article]
- 2004 Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, Bilthoven Ons eten gemeten Gezonde voeding en veilig voedsel in Nederland
Vezelrijke voeding is belangrijker in het voorkómen van overgewicht dan een vetarme voeding.[Article]
- Nieuwe richtlijn vezelconsumptie
Met een gerichte aandacht voor de consumptie van voedingsvezels wil ik bereiken dat in 2010 minimaal 20% van de Nederlanders voldoet aan de richtlijn voor de vezelconsumptie.[Article]
- Blue Band halvarine, De beste basis voor op brood
Omega-3 1,6g omega-6 11g transvet 1g per 100gram.[Article]
- Voedingscentrum Gedragscode van de Stichting Voedingscentrum Nederland betreffende de samenwerking met externe partijen
De samenwerkingspartner respecteert nationale- en internationale regelgeving. Het Voedingscentrum werkt alleen samen met partijen die integer en betrouwbaar zijn en niet misleidend.[Article]
- Gb Plange Introductieactie Gb Plange: Scoren met VollerKoren
In VollerKoren zit liefst 35% meer voedingsvezels dan in gewoon volkoren brood. VollerKoren is iets donkerder en voller van smaak dan volkorenbrood.[Article]
- Sathyapalan T, Mellor D, Atkin SL. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009 Oct 27. Obesity and gestational diabetes
GDM affects about 7% of all pregnancies and is defined as any degree of impaired glucose tolerance during gestation.[Abstract]
- Serlin DC, Lash RW. Am Fam Physician. 2009 Jul 1;80(1):57-62 Diagnosis and management of gestational diabetes mellitus
Gestational diabetes occurs in 5 to 9 percent of pregnancies in the United States and is growing in prevalence.[Abstract]
- Kaaja R, Rönnemaa T. Rev Diabet Stud. 2008 Winter;5(4):194-202. Gestational diabetes: pathogenesis and consequences to mother and offspring
Data from Western countries suggest that the prevalence of GDM is increasing, being almost 10% of pregnancies and probably reflecting the global obesity epidemic. The majority of women with GDM seem to have beta-cell dysfunction that appears on a background of chronic insulin resistance already present before pregnancy.
Because the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is restricted to high risk individuals, 40% of GDM cases are left undiagnosed. After delivery, women with GDM and their offspring have an increased risk for developing the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Thus, pregnancy may act as a "stress test", revealing a woman's predisposition to T2D and providing opportunities for focused prevention of important chronic diseases.[Abstract]
- Jovanovic-Peterson L, Peterson CM. J Am Coll Nutr. 1996 Feb;15(1):14-20 Vitamin and mineral deficiencies which may predispose to glucose intolerance of pregnancy
Gestational diabetes is associated with excessive nutrient losses due to glycosuria. Specific nutrient deficiencies of chromium, magnesium, potassium and pyridoxine may potentiate the tendency towards hyperglycemia in gestational diabetic women because each of these four deficiencies causes impairment of pancreatic insulin production.[Article]
- Kleefstra N, Bilo HJ, Bakker SJ, Houweling ST., Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2004 Jan 31;148(5):217-20., Chromium and insulin resistance
Since as early as the 50s of the last century, it has been known that chromium is essential for normal glucose metabolism. Too little chromium in the diet may lead to insulin resistance.[Abstract]
- Chaudhary DP, Sharma R, Bansal DD. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2009 Jul 24. Implications of Magnesium Deficiency in Type 2 Diabetes: A Review
Chronic magnesium deficiency has been associated with the development of insulin resistance. The present review discusses the implications of magnesium deficiency in type 2 diabetes.[Abstract]
- Anderson RA. Clin Physiol Biochem. 1986;4(1):31-41. Chromium metabolism and its role in disease processes in man
Insufficient dietary Cr has been linked to maturity-onset diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The dietary Cr intake of most individuals is considerably less than the suggested safe and adequate intake. Consumption of refined foods, including simple sugars, exacerbates the problem of insufficient dietary Cr since these foods are not only low in dietary Cr but also enhance additional Cr losses. Chromium losses are also increased due to pregnancy, strenuous exercise, infection, physical trauma and other forms of stress.[Abstract]
- Kumpulainen JT. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1992 Jan-Mar;32:9-18 Chromium content of foods and diets
In many developing countries, such as Brazil, the Sudan, and Iran, the dietary intake is high, from 50-100 micrograms/d, whereas in certain developed countries, such as Finland, Sweden, Switzerland, and the US, the intake is 50 micrograms/d or lower and, consequently, at or below the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake range of 50-200 micrograms/d established by the US National Academy of Sciences. The average Cr content of human milk is below 0.5 micrograms/L, thus resulting in a very low average intake of 0.3 microgram Cr/d by exclusively breast-fed infants in the US and Finland.[Abstract]
- Van Cauwenbergh R, Hendrix P, Robberecht H, Deelstra HA. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1996 Sep;203(3):203-6 Daily dietary chromium intake in Belgium, using duplicate portion sampling
Daily dietary chromium intake in Belgium has been evaluated by sampling duplicate portions of food, heating them at an acidic pH in a microwave oven and then quantifying the chromium by atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean intake value (53 +/- 31 micrograms/day) is similar to levels found for most other countries and is situated at the lower end of the recommended range for a safe and adequate daily dietary intake.[Abstract]
- Preuss HG, Anderson RA. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 1998 Nov;1(6):509-12 Chromium update: examining recent literature 1997-1998
Trivalent chromium is an essential nutrient required for sugar and fat metabolism. The majority of people eating typical Western diets consume less than the upper limit of the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake, which is set at 50-200 micrograms per day. Insufficient chromium intake is associated with signs and symptoms similar to those seen in diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.[Abstract]
- Anderson RA. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1997 Aug;26(1 Pt 2):S35-41 Chromium as an essential nutrient for humans
Chromium is an essential nutrient required for sugar and fat metabolism. Normal dietary intake of Cr for humans is suboptimal. The estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake for Cr is 50 to 200 microg. However, most diets contain less than 60% of the minimum suggested intake of 50 microg. Insufficient dietary intake of Cr leads to signs and symptoms that are similar to those observed for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Supplemental Cr given to people with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes leads to improved blood glucose, insulin, and lipid variables..[Abstract]
- Rylander R. J Cardiovasc Risk. 1996 Feb;3(1):4-10. Environmental magnesium deficiency as a cardiovascular risk factor
Through changes in the treatment of foodstuffs and altered diets, as well as increased use of surface water with low magnesium content, magnesium deficiency is present in modern society. Magnesium deficiency causes cardiac arrhythmia and several studies suggest that a low level of magnesium in drinking water is a risk factor for myocardial infarction, particularly among men. Before general prevention programmes can be recommended, risk groups must be defined and experimental intervention programmes performed.[Abstract]
- Abdulla M, Behbehani A, Dashti H. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1989 Jul-Sep;21:173-8 Dietary intake and bioavailability of trace elements
The results indicate that the intake of potassium, magnesium, zinc, copper, and selenium is low when compared with the present recommended dietary allowance (RDA) values.[Abstract]
- Marier JR. Magnesium. 1986;5(1):1-8 Magnesium content of the food supply in the modern-day world
A large-scale US survey has shown that the dietary magnesium intake tends to be lower than recommended. The suboptimal intake prevalent among US adults is consistent with the pattern observed in other North American and European surveys.[Abstract]
- Ford ES, Li C, McGuire LC, Mokdad AH, Liu S., Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007 May;15(5):1139-46., Intake of dietary magnesium and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults
Our results showing an inverse association between dietary magnesium intake and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome add to the evidence that adequate magnesium intake or a diet rich in magnesium may be important for maintaining good cardiometabolic health.[Abstract]
- Damm P. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2009 Mar;104 Suppl 1:S25-6 Future risk of diabetes in mother and child after gestational diabetes mellitus
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy complication with increased maternal and perinatal morbidity. However, significant long-term morbidity also exists for the mother and offspring. Women with previous GDM have a very high risk of developing overt diabetes, primarily type 2 diabetes, later in life. Moreover, the risk of the metabolic syndrome is increased 3-fold in these women. Their offspring have an 8-fold risk of diabetes/prediabetes at 19-27 years of age. Thus, GDM is part of a vicious circle which increases the development of diabetes in the coming generations.[Abstract]
- Clausen TD, Mathiesen ER, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Jensen DM, Lauenborg J, Damm P. Diabetes Care. 2008 Feb;31(2):340-6. High prevalence of type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes in adult offspring of women with gestational diabetes mellitus or type 1 diabetes: the role of intrauterine hyperglycemia
A hyperglycemic intrauterine environment appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes/pre-diabetes in adult offspring of primarily Caucasian women with either diet-treated GDM or type 1 diabetes during pregnancy.[Article]
- Sobngwi E, Boudou P, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Leblanc H, Velho G, Vexiau P, Porcher R, Hadjadj S, Pratley R, Tataranni PA, Calvo F, Gautier JF. Lancet. 2003 May 31;361(9372):1861-5 Effect of a diabetic environment in utero on predisposition to type 2 diabetes
Exposure to a diabetic environment in utero is associated with increased occurrence of impaired glucose tolerance and a defective insulin secretory response in adult offspring, independent of genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes.[Abstract]
- Wroblewska-Seniuk K, Wender-Ozegowska E, Szczapa J. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009 Nov;10(7):432-40. Long-term effects of diabetes during pregnancy on the offspring
Children born to mothers with gestational diabetes seem to be at risk for obesity and metabolic disturbances.[Abstract]
- Fetita LS, Sobngwi E, Serradas P, Calvo F, Gautier JF. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Oct;91(10):3718-24 Consequences of fetal exposure to maternal diabetes in offspring
Thus, fetal exposure to maternal diabetes may contribute to the worldwide diabetes epidemic. Public health interventions targeting high-risk populations should focus on long-term follow-up of subjects who have been exposed in utero to a diabetic environment and on a better glycemic control during pregnancy.[Article]
- Scientific American, You have to eat everything on your plate (Movie)
.[Movie]
- von Kries R, Koletzko B, Sauerwald T, von Mutius E, Barnert D, Grunert V, von Voss H. BMJ. 1999 Jul 17;319(7203):147-50 Breast feeding and obesity: cross sectional study
In industrialised countries promoting prolonged breast feeding may help decrease the prevalence of obesity in childhood. Since obese children have a high risk of becoming obese adults, such preventive measures may eventually result in a reduction in the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and other diseases related to obesity.[Article]
- Arenz S, Rückerl R, Koletzko B, von Kries R. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 Oct;28(10):1247-56 Breast-feeding and childhood obesity--a systematic review
Breast-feeding seems to have a small but consistent protective effect against obesity in children.[Abstract]
- de Armas MG, Megías SM, Modino SC, Bolaños PI, Guardiola PD, Alvarez TM. Importance of breastfeeding in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and degree of childhood obesity
Breast feeding for at least 3 months was associated with lower levels of obesity, smaller waist circumference and fewer complications related to metabolic syndrome in childhood and adolescence. Sixty-four percent of children with complete metabolic syndrome had received artificial feeding. Further studies are needed to ascertain the impact of breastfeeding on the development of obesity and cardiometabolic risk.[Abstract]
- Simon VG, Souza JM, Souza SB. Rev Saude Publica. 2009 Feb;43(1):60-9. Breastfeeding, complementary feeding, overweight and obesity in pre-school children
Results suggest that breastfeeding can protect children against overweight and obesity, thus representing yet another advantage of maternal milk.[Abstract]
- von Kries R, Koletzko B, Sauerwald T, von Mutius E. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2000;478:29-39 Does breast-feeding protect against childhood obesity?
The potential relevance of different components of human milk for the observed reduction in the risk for overweight and obesity is discussed. The preventive effect of breast-feeding on overweight and obesity is an important additional argument for the promotion of breast-feeding in industrialised countries.[Abstract]
- Singhal A. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program. 2007;60:15-25Does breastfeeding protect from growth acceleration and later obesity?
Nutrition in infancy has been suggested to have a major influence or program the long-term tendency to obesity. Breastfeeding, in particular, appears to protect against the development of later obesity, a conclusion supported by data from four systematic reviews and evidence that a longer duration of breastfeeding has greater protective effects. The size of the effect (up to a 20% reduction in obesity risk) although modest has important implications for public health.[Abstract]
- Koubaa AA, Abed NB, Cheikhrouhou H, Dahmen H, Askri M, Ouerfelli N, Hasni K. Tunis Med. 2008 Jan;86(1):38-42. Protective effect of breast feeding in childhood obesity
Promotion of the breast-feeding and information on its methods and its control are a public health priority, it protects the child and his mother from certain diseases and prevents from childhood obesity. OMS recommends an exclusive breast feeding until the 6 months age, and to continue if possible until the 2 years.[Abstract]
- Binns C, Lee MK, Oddy W. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2003;15 Suppl:S22-6 Breastfeeding and the prevention of obesity
Obesity will be the greatest challenge for nutrition and is probably the greatest overall challenge to public health facing us in the next few decades. Being overweight or obese is a risk factor for many chronic diseases and the impact on wellbeing and mortality is well documented. Breastfeeding exclusively to six months of age is the most appropriate way to feed infants. A review of the international literature and an analysis of Australian data support the hypothesis that breastfeeding reduces the prevalence of obesity. Breastfeeding promotion should become a part of public health programmes for the prevention of obesity.[Abstract]
- RIVM Wat zijn de mogelijke gezondheidsgevolgen van borstvoeding?
Borstvoeding is de beste voeding als het gaat om de gezondheid van de baby. Ook voor de moeder zijn er positieve gezondheidseffecten als zij borstvoeding geeft. Bij kinderen die zes maanden uitsluitend borstvoeding kregen, komt overgewicht (tussen 3 en 10 jaar) en hoge bloeddruk minder vaak voor.[Article]
- RIVM Voeding van zuigelingen en peuters
In april 2006 heeft de WHO nieuwe internationaal toepasbare groeistandaarden voor zuigelingen en jonge kinderen gepubliceerd. Voor het vaststellen van deze groeistandaarden is het uitgangspunt dat borstvoeding de norm is en dat het kind dat borstvoeding krijgt de standaard is voor het meten van een gezonde groei. Bij de invoering van het elektronisch kinddossier JGZ worden deze standaarden zo snel mogelijk voor de Nederlandse situatie geïmplementeerd.
Een afvlakking van de curve van een borstgevoed kind rond de leeftijd van drie à vier maanden hoeft dus op zich geen aanleiding te vormen voor specifieke maatregelen, zoals vroeger starten met vaste voeding of aanvulling met kunstvoeding.[Article]
- The WHO Child Growth Standards
The following documents describe the sample and methods used to construct the standards and present the final charts.[Article]
- RIVM Ruim 80% begint met borstvoeden maar groot deel stopt ook weer snel
Ruim 80% van de moeders begint direct na de geboorte met het geven van borstvoeding. De kans dat een hoogopgeleide vrouw start met het geven van borstvoeding is groter dan die van een laagopgeleide vrouw. Het percentage zuigelingen dat op de leeftijd van drie maanden echter nog steeds uitsluitend borstvoeding krijgt, is veel lager (30%). In nog sterkere mate geldt dit voor het percentage zuigelingen van vijf maanden (23%). Wel lijkt het er op dat het percentage zuigelingen dat uitsluitend borstvoeding krijgt op de eerste dag, na drie maanden en na zes maanden, de laatste jaren iets is gestegen. In vergelijking met de rest van Europa geven in Nederland relatief weinig moeders borstvoeding.[Article]
- Daniels SR. Future Child. 2006 Spring;16(1):47-67 The consequences of childhood overweight and obesity
Daniels notes that the possibility has even been raised that the increasing prevalence and severity of childhood obesity may reverse the modern era's steady increase in life expectancy, with today's youth on average living less healthy and ultimately shorter lives than their parents-the first such reversal in lifespan in modern history. Such a possibility, he concludes, makes obesity in children an issue of utmost public health concern.[Abstract]
- Mackenbach JP. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2005 Nov 12;149(46):2550-3 On Hendrikje van Andel-Schipper and other remarkable developments in the life expectancy of the Dutch population
Based on an extrapolation of recent trends in cause-specific mortality, Netherlands Statistics predicts an increase in life expectancy of 2 to 3 years in the half-century between 2004 and 2050. Experts are deeply divided about the prospects for further increases in life expectancy. Some have argued that such estimates are too optimistic because, for example, the obesity epidemic might even reduce average life expectancy in the future.[Abstract]
- Blacklow RS. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Nov;86(5):1560S-2S. Actuarially speaking: an overview of life expectancy. What can we anticipate?
Predictions for the continuing lengthening of the life span of the class of 2005 and succeeding classes may be jeopardized by the alarming increase in obesity, which worsens the incidence of cardiovascular disorders and cancer, the 2 leading causes of death at this time, as well as of diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders, and other categories of disease.[Article]
- Fontaine KR, Redden DT, Wang C, Westfall AO, Allison DB. JAMA. 2003 Jan 8;289(2):187-93. Years of life lost due to obesity
Obesity appears to lessen life expectancy markedly, especially among younger adults.[Article]
- Voedingscentrum Functionele voedingsmiddelen met een bewezen gezondheidseffect
O'mega brood met visvetzuren Kan bijdragen aan de verlaging van fatale coronaire hartziekten**, in het bijzonder voor mensen die minder dan één maal per week (vette) vis et.[Article]
- Nagpal J, Pande JN, Bhartia A. Diabet Med. 2009 Jan;26(1):19-27. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the short-term effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on insulin sensitivity in apparently healthy, middle-aged, centrally obese men
The trial indicates that vitamin D(3) supplementation improves postprandial insulin sensitivity (OGIS) in apparently healthy men likely to have insulin resistance (centrally obese but non-diabetic).[Article]
- Forouhi NG, Luan J, Cooper A, Boucher BJ, Wareham NJ. Diabetes. 2008 Oct;57(10):2619-25 Baseline serum 25-hydroxy vitamin d is predictive of future glycemic status and insulin resistance: the Medical Research Council Ely Prospective Study 1990-2000
This prospective study reports inverse associations between baseline serum 25(OH)D and future glycemia and insulin resistance. These associations are potentially important in understanding the etiology of abnormal glucose metabolism and warrant investigation in larger, specifically designed prospective studies and randomized controlled trials of supplementation.[Article]
- Teegarden D, Donkin SS. Nutr Res Rev. 2009 Jun;22(1):82-92 Vitamin D: emerging new roles in insulin sensitivity
Thus, substantial evidence supports a relationship between vitamin D status and insulin sensitivity; however, the underlying mechanisms require further exploration.[Abstract]
- Maghbooli Z, Hossein-Nezhad A, Karimi F, Shafaei AR, Larijani B. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2008 Jan-Feb;24(1):27-32. Correlation between vitamin D3 deficiency and insulin resistance in pregnancy
These results show that a positive correlation of 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations with insulin sensitivity and vitamin D deficiency could be a confirmative sign of insulin resistance.[Abstract]
- Zhang C, Qiu C, Hu FB, David RM, van Dam RM, Bralley A, Williams MA. PLoS One. 2008;3(11):e3753 Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus
Findings from the present study suggest that maternal vitamin D deficiency in early pregnancy is significantly associated with an elevated risk for GDM.[Article]
- Lapillonne A. Med Hypotheses. 2010 Jan;74(1):71-5 Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may impair maternal and fetal outcomes
It appears that vitamin D insufficiency during pregnancy is potentially associated with increased risk of preeclampsia, insulin resistance and gestational diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, experimental data also anticipate that vitamin D sufficiency is critical for fetal development, and especially for fetal brain development and immunological functions. Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may, therefore, not only impair maternal skeletal preservation and fetal skeletal formation but also be vital to the fetal "imprinting" that may affect chronic disease susceptibility soon after birth as well as later in life.[Abstract]
- Holmes VA, Barnes MS, Alexander HD, McFaul P, Wallace JM. Br J Nutr. 2009 Sep;102(6):876-81 Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in pregnant women: a longitudinal study
Given the potential consequences of hypovitaminosis D on health outcomes, vitamin D supplementation, perhaps at higher doses than currently available, is needed to improve maternal vitamin D nutriture.[Abstract]
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